People can rationally come to different conclusions on what should be done about the presence of millions of illegal aliens in the United States, but as that matter is debated, we should at least try to avoid some of the most obviously absurd arguments.
I therefore propose that we, as a nation, retire the "Illegal aliens take jobs Americans won’t do/don’t want" argument.
This is patent nonsense.
Anybody using this argument either has no grasp of economics or is being disingenuous due to the presence of an ulterior motive. (Them’s yer two choices, so take yer pick, Mr. Bush.)
To see the absurdity of this argument, let’s cast it in its starkest form: Food.
Before we do that, though, let me issue
THE BIG RED DISCLAIMER: The following treatment has nothing to do with ethnicity. It has to do with economics. In what follows I will talk about two groups of people–illegal aliens (whatever their ethnicity) and Americans (whatever their ethnicity). The fact that most (but by no means all) of the illegal aliens in this country are Latino in origin is irrelevant to the economic principles involved, as is the fact that many Americans are also of Latino origin. If you need to, swap the terms "America" and "Americans" for those of a random country somewhere else on the planet. The economic principles apply no matter where you are.
Now . . .
It is often noted that illegal aliens play a large role in the construction, landscaping, and domestic service industries, but nice buildings, nice landscapes, and nice domestic services are luxuries. Our most pressing survival-related need is for food, and so the "Jobs Americans won’t do" argument can be cast most starkly if we look at the role of illegal aliens in the agricultural industry.
Suppose that all of the illegal aliens working in the agricultural industry decided to quit their jobs. What would happen to the U.S.?
Will we be seeing headlines in the New York Times like this one? . . .
Food Rots In Fields As The Nation Starves!!!
Of course not.
Americans are not going to starve themselves to death because they "won’t do" the job of harvesting the food.
Americans have been harvesting food ever since there have been Americans (otherwise they would have all starved long ago), so they are certainly capable of it.
Why, then, are so many illegal aliens taking the place of Americans in the agricultural industry?
Because they come from a different economic background and are willing to do the jobs for less.
The effect of illegal aliens in the agricultural industry is not that they do work that otherwise wouldn’t get done. It’s that they depress the wages in the agricultural industry to the point that such jobs are unattractive to Americans.
It’s that whole supply-and-demand thing.
When you’ve got a greater supply of something than you have demand for it, the price will go down. If manufacturers make loads of DVD players and start to outstrip the demand for DVD players then the price of DVD players will go down as part of competition for customers.
Same thing happens in labor markets.
If the supply of agricultural workers outstrips the demand for agricultural workers then the wages attached to such jobs will go down as part of competition for employment. When the wages are depressed past a certain point, some of the workers will say, "Y’know, I could do better in a different industry" and they decide at that point that they "won’t do" the agricultural jobs at the depressed wages being offered for those jobs.
But what happens if the labor pool shrinks? What happens if all the illegal aliens decide to quit?
When the supply of agricultural workers shrinks so that it no longer outstrips the demand for agricultural workers and employers start raising wages in order to attract the workers they need, and the work gets done.
Trust me, Americans are not going to starve themselves to death if they have no illegal aliens to harvest food.
What will happen instead is that the wages offered for such jobs will rise, Americans will start valuing such jobs more as a result (instead of looking down on them), and they will start doing them. The food will get harvested, and when it is sold to the public the added labor costs will be passed on to consumers in the form of a modest increase in food prices.
But there will be no massive wave of starvation in the U.S.
Something similar applies to the jobs in other industries that currently have high levels of involvement by illegal aliens. If the supply-and-demand situations of those industries were readjusted then Americans would be attracted to jobs in them as well, and the work would still get done. People might economize in some areas (e.g., taking care of the kids yourself instead of hiring an illegal alien to serve as a nanny), but we won’t see headlines like:
American Buildings Rot Due To Lack Of Construction Workers!!!
Landscaping Crisis Dwarfs Hurricane Katrina!!!
Absence Of Domestic Services Causes American Family To Fall Apart!!!
People who want to maintain the status quo on illegal immigration–or who want to legalize the status quo via amnesties and guest worker programs–may still argue for these on other grounds (e.g., that there is an overall positive economic impact from having millions of low-paid foreign workers in the U.S. or that it’s a practical impossibility to remove them all), but whatever you want to see done about illegal immigration, you’ll need to argue it on grounds other than the "Jobs Americans won’t do" notion.
That one’s a non-starter, Mr. President.
P.S. BTW, Mr. President, do you realize how arrogant and insulting you are being when you use the "Jobs Americans won’t do" argument?
This argument can be parsed one of two ways: (1) "Such jobs are beneath us as Americans, so we need to import foreigners to do these lowly tasks for us" or (2) "I preside over a nation of such hopelessly spoiled brats that we need to just cave in to their juvenile refusal to do such jobs."
The first is arrogant and insulting to people from other countries. The second is arrogant and insulting to Americans.
Since it can be parsed both ways, the argument is arrogant and insulting no matter what your nationality.
I, to, have been upset by the “jobs Americans won’t do” line. It seems to me that our country would be a lot better off, with a better work ethic, if some of the *little darlings* who drive Mummy’s BMW had to go pick a few cabbages. And don’t forget why there is a shortage of workers for entry-level jobs. It’s because we are 40 million short.
Pregnant fingers typing. “I, too,…”
Rich Lowry @ NRO has an interesting article on the “Jobs Americans Won’t Do” meme.
http://www.nationalreview.com/lowry/lowry200603140822.asp
Meanwhile, my niece/Goddaughter has been doing domestic house cleaning to help pay her way thru college for several years now. Gee… I guess she’s one of those many Americans who won’t do such jobs (uh-huh… right).
How do you know the price increases passed on to consumers would be “modest?”
Because the wage depression in the agricultural industry is modest. Severe wage depression would, when corrected, lead to a severe price jump. Modest wage depression, when corrected, would lead to only a modest price jump.
Here, here! (Or is it Hear, hear ?)
I live two miles from Disneyland. When my boys were younger, they tried to get summer jobs at any one of the hotels, restaurants, or tourist related businesses. They never could find one. It seems that there was a glut of workers – and I am not talking about other high school students looking for work – and never did find summer jobs. Eventually, both did find casual (temporary) work at the Park itself.
I grew up near Hearst Castle and worked many years (a long time ago) in tourist related jobs. Summer jobs were always available and my classmates and I could always find a summer job.
Jimmy, well written post.
To add on the ‘modest’ price increase for food, labor is a very small percentage of the overall cost. If you increase the cost of 10% of a product 400% fold (an exageration/not accurate for crops (I don’t know the exact numbers)) the price only goes up 30%. I think of the “traditional” illegal immigrant jobs only ‘domestic services’ and landscaping are labor cost driven and are the only ones that would have potentially severe price corrections without the illegal immigrant pool.
A local strawberry farmer near me in Upstate New York will not hire illegal immigrants (or perhaps it’s any immigrants) on principle. All the surrounding farms are filled with poor looking Hispanics at harvest time. His field is filled with teenagers. He has to pay them more and some of the strawberries do rot on the plants because the teenagers are slower than the immigrants and he can’t get enough of them even for what he does pay them, but he does not go out of business, even though he must compete with the other farmers.
To give another perspective, I heard of a Jamaican family (husband wife and kids) that used to come up each August to pick apples for a few months, make a lot of money (by their standards), and then go home to Jamaica and live large (again by their standards) with no job to do until the next August. Maybe thats not relevant and I don’t know how common it is or if it can happen anymore, but it is another layer to the situation. Also I bet the supply of agricultural workers is higher and so the wages lower in the Southwest than the Northeast.
My observation is if we make all the illegal aliens American citizens, then why would they take the jobs since they’re all jobs Americans won’t take or do. Seems to me, if the reason for using them is that they work for less, when they’re citizens, they’ll have to be paid minimum wage and unemployment insurance and all that other stuff. So those who need the illegals for cheap labor would STILL need illegals.
Nothing gained except a large influx of Americans who won’t do the jobs Americans won’t do.
Thomas Sowell recently made a related point: much of the agricultural work done by illegals shouldn’t be done at all! Many of the crops they help harvest are those of which we’ve had large surpluses for decades. Those crops need to stop being grown, and consequently some of the farms that grow those crops need to go out of business!
here, here!!!
the two-sided arguments full of holes just don’t float (pun intended)
sadly, it is probably just W’s reflex reply.
I have noticed that we’ve stopped hearing the argument that immigrants have such great “family values” and that they are religiously rejuvenating America. Now we are seeing the economic arguments collapse.
Incidentally, I assume we import food from Mexico. So if Mexicans stayed in Mexico and worked on farms, we could import produce (or other products) that they grow in their country. (Wasn’t that the idea behind NAFTA?)
I live on the border and have children in the business of importing produce from Mexico.
65% of all the produce consumed in the U.S. comes throught the Nogales port of entry.
Nogales,Sonora has an estimated 200 to 400 thousand residents.
Why are they not walking over to stay and take jobs Americans won’t? Or driving inland with their visitor visas and staying (which they can do)?
Because the situation is not as bad down there as some think.
Because the illegals are for a huge part the single Mexican male sent up here on a macho adventure to make money and send it home.
Another point of interest. My understanding is that the Catholic Church teaches that all people have the right to migrate to give themselves and their families the basic necessities of life. Some use this to say immigration should not be restricted and citizenship given almost immediately.
It would certainly incude real political refugees whose life is in danger, and probably also people from parts of Africa. However, if “The situation is not as bad down here as most think” I would suggest most of this immigration can legitimately be restricted, and laws legitimately enforced.
Perhaps a good immigration reform would be to arrange things so that only the people who most need to immigrate are let in. My impression is with the requirement to get a visa, the current system rather prevents anyone in a desperate situation from immigrating, while allowing those who can afford to wait a year to go through the legal process can immigrate.
J.R.,
I do not think that your take on visas is so. I believe that people coming for sanctuary can stay and wait for a hearing as can OTMs (other than Mexicans), which is a stupid policie given 9-11.
We need more INS personnel perhaps. We need a depart now or register for a hearing policy with harsh sanctions for non-registrants and a humane deportation policy taking into account health and some family ties circumstances. All that after we close the border with a physical or virtual wall.
Here in Tucson, we had nine Hispanics or their supporters arrested today for attacking the cops when the cops tried to stop bottle throwers.
This is going to get more violent if the government does not get tough.
Maybe I am wrong about the visa situation. I am no expert.
Still, I don’t just mean refugees looking for sanctuary, but people who are starving or have no way of finding a home or job in Mexico but would in America. That such people must be allowed to migrate to get their basic needs is I believe a part of Catholic social teaching, starting from Pope Leo XIII.
Concerns about crime or the economy or preserving American culture come after that.
small question, how different are “Americans” from “Europeans” ?
The public job agency in one european country (with a 10% unemployment rate) is desperately trying to fill those agricultural summer jobs with these unemployeds, but guess what, they can’t find enough of them who are willing to do this job (or are still not “on sick leave” after the first week).
People make job decisions based on reputation and prestige as well (and altough not applicable in this case, on moral grounds as well, or how much does the local adult entertainment store have to pay Mr.Akin to work there ?).
Since the US is not at full employment (at least in some regions), why is it that some “Americans” choose not to work over working these low-paying jobs ? I don’t know for sure, but one reason I can imagine is the social standing of these jobs (as Mr.Akin pretty much states in his analysis). So if these jobs are below their acceptable social standing,(“beneath them”) how is the insult not completely unfounded ?
The issue is not, whether you could raise the wage so that “americans” would actually work them, the question is why are the preferences such that the social status loss or personal distaste is outweighing the monetary gain right now ?
And Mr.Akin, if you invoke supply and demand, could you tell me your assumption about the demand schedule or at least elasticity, before you make the claim that modest price increases are no problem for producers ?
“Concerns about crime or the economy or preserving American culture come after that.”
So the safety of Americans are a lesser concern than the unemployment situation of non-Americans? In any event, there will always be millions of poor an unemployed people in Mexico. so what you are saying is there should be open borders even if the US ultimately ceases to be the US. I don’t think even catholic social teaching goes that far. (And will the Vatican let illegals flood into Vatican City so that it becomes, say a Turkish city?)
This is similar to the point that I attempted to make 2 weeks ago. People are paid low wages, not just because of depressed wages by illegals, but also because these illegals are exploited into accepting lower wages – they are threatened with deportation if they don’t accept low wages with no benefits. (What employer is *really* paying Social Security for illegal immigrants? They know the numbers being given are false – it’s just paperwork they can ignore!)
It is not justice to exploit the migrant worker, and I, for one, do not mind paying 30 cents more for a head of lettuce, if I know that the person picking it was not being paid slave wages.
“Concerns about crime or the economy or preserving American culture come after that.”
Not really. People mainly come here from “the south” for economic reasons. Our economy is healthy because we have a comparatively civil society (low crime & corruption) and a culture that promotes risk-taking and entrepeneurship.
If we allow immigration to seriously shift the culture away from these characteristics, then we kill the Golden Goose. If the culture becomes risk-averse, or the crime rate goes seriously up, then the economy goes down and immigrants (and everyone) will find it harder to make a living.
The current system promotes disregard for the law (INS and police are “the enemy”), which encourages crime, which is a bad thing. The perception of social chaos (open borders) will make investors more risk-averse, also a bad thing.
Let’s meet people’s needs, but let’s not kill the Golden Goose. The USA can’t provide jobs for everyone on the planet. Other governments need to get on the ball, as well.
J.R.
You are very mistaken if you think that people are coming because of no home or job.
The Pew Hispanic center says 90% of Mexican illegals had jobs before they came.
There are 400,000 residents just across the border from Nogales Arizona. Most of them have visitor passes and there is a two to three hour wait to cross the border from Mexico to the U.S. by car. Those who live close enough walk across the border, some every day to shop etc.
These people could come and stay if the situation was so bad. They do not.
The people who are coming tend to be single opportunistic males. There are some women and children, but not as many as the American citizen families of women and children now seen in the shelters here in Tucson.
Thanks everyone for some great insight.
I would hate to think that this issue all gets resolved simply on ECONOMICS.
That’s rather sad…to say the least.
There is no silver bullet to remedy this.
I think the original premise “THEY. are taking jobs that American’s don’t want” has some truth to it. Even though the present argument is in the negative.
“THEY” (we seem to be using that term too much) are taking these jobs because these low paying jobs are being offered (supply and demand?).These jobs are being offered because employers know cheap labor is in abundance.
Does anyone really think that these businesses are thinking about your sons and daughters summer jobs? I feel that ECONOMICS word creeping in here.
But then that’s the American way. Right? Business first. Free enterprise.
Why don’t we give all the illegal immigrants at least minimum wage? Lets start there, then allow ANYONE (our sons and daughters) to compete for that job or jobs? The most qualified (the most hard working, intelligent, whatever..) gets the job.
I have daughters and a son who are having trouble finding a job…but we don’t blame it on illegal immigrants.
I’m not an economist or a government policy expert or even an apologist. But I have lived in East L.A. and other high immigration areas of Los Angeles most of my life.
I’ve seen good illegal families who are struggling mightily to bring their families up in the “Promise Land” I’ve also seen some of these families who’s American born sons and daughters are adding to the Gang and unwed teen mother problems as well. I could go on and on….
As an American born Hispanic I take offense to upside down American Flags and signs that read “This Land was originally Ours and we’re taking it back”
This makes no sense to me. If this land was returned to Mexico, would these people want to stay here? Would they be migrating to Utah or some other state?
I don’t have an answer to this, however I do have some thoughts.
As an American born citizen I think…
1. Why is this an issue, in this election year?
2. Do politicians (Democrats, Republicans or whatever) really care or are there other motives.
3. How do we protect our borders from those individuals who would like to harm our country (Terrorist specifically).
3. Economics? Sure I think about that too.
4. Gang members, criminal activity, unwed mothers, and yes I worry about this.
As a Catholic I think….
1. “When did I see you thirsty or hungry or homeless Lord….
2. All men are created in the likeness of God…
3. Do I thank God enough for the gifts he’s giving me? For my job, for being born an American on this side of the San Diego border or persecuted China or Africa…?
4. Would I do the same as these illegal immigrates if my family was in need?
But wait, I’m both American and Catholic. I remember reading somewhere that I should be Catholic all the time, and not leave my faith outside the voting booth or political arena.
God Bless everyone.
Thanks everyone for some great insight.
I would hate to think that this issue all gets resolved simply on ECONOMICS.
That’s rather sad…to say the least.
There is no silver bullet to remedy this.
I think the original premise “THEY. are taking jobs that American’s don’t want” has some truth to it. Even though the present argument is in the negative.
“THEY” (we seem to be using that term too much) are taking these jobs because these low paying jobs are being offered (supply and demand?).These jobs are being offered because employers know cheap labor is in abundance.
Does anyone really think that these businesses are thinking about your sons and daughters summer jobs? I feel that ECONOMICS word creeping in here.
But then that’s the American way. Right? Business first. Free enterprise.
Why don’t we give all the illegal immigrants at least minimum wage? Lets start there, then allow ANYONE (our sons and daughters) to compete for that job or jobs? The most qualified (the most hard working, intelligent, whatever..) gets the job.
I have daughters and a son who are having trouble finding a job…but we don’t blame it on illegal immigrants.
I’m not an economist or a government policy expert or even an apologist. But I have lived in East L.A. and other high immigration areas of Los Angeles most of my life.
I’ve seen good illegal families who are struggling mightily to bring their families up in the “Promise Land” I’ve also seen some of these families who’s American born sons and daughters are adding to the Gang and unwed teen mother problems as well. I could go on and on….
As an American born Hispanic I take offense to upside down American Flags and signs that read “This Land was originally Ours and we’re taking it back”
This makes no sense to me. If this land was returned to Mexico, would these people want to stay here? Would they be migrating to Utah or some other state?
I don’t have an answer to this, however I do have some thoughts.
As an American born citizen I think…
1. Why is this an issue, in this election year?
2. Do politicians (Democrats, Republicans or whatever) really care or are there other motives.
3. How do we protect our borders from those individuals who would like to harm our country (Terrorist specifically).
3. Economics? Sure I think about that too.
4. Gang members, criminal activity, unwed mothers, and yes I worry about this.
As a Catholic I think….
1. “When did I see you thirsty or hungry or homeless Lord….
2. All men are created in the likeness of God…
3. Do I thank God enough for the gifts he’s giving me? For my job, for being born an American on this side of the San Diego border or persecuted China or Africa…?
4. Would I do the same as these illegal immigrates if my family was in need?
But wait, I’m both American and Catholic. I remember reading somewhere that I should be Catholic all the time, and not leave my faith outside the voting booth or political arena.
God Bless everyone.
In Philly, we now get table grapes all year round (Chile in the winter, New Jersey in the summer), ditto for blueberries, red/black raspberries and oranges(with Mexico and Brazil in the supply chain). I am assuming the same holds true for most vegetables. And where would Starbucks be without Columbian coffee?
So it appears free trade agreements work but it is strange that even after so many manufacturing jobs were moved to Mexico that the immigration problem continues.
Without these agreements, one might assume that the influx of illegal immigrants would be much worse.
Should we buy Mexico and make it a State?
Isn’t Canada already a state? What’s one more?
I as a nine year old had to go to work in the fields with my dad as an american citizen. As a way to earn money for the family, My father had a work visa through all of this. I remember my father teaching me hard work is good for a man. Although he wanted me to get an education so not to have to work in the fields. he also told me that I would always have field work to fall back on, but only as a last resort. From the age of nine until highscool graduation, not only during the summer mouths but on weekends also, I worked in the fields. great experience. today we have a total diferant way of having our kids grow up in america. Kids are into sports football, soccer, baseball, swiming, and so on. To biuld a well rounded person when they grow up. They are constantly being told thay they are winners. they can do anything that the other kids can do and even better, that they are #1. Always told that they are better than the rest. Very rearly teaching them to be humble. Growing up to be men that at age 25 get together to play vidio games. (thats a well rounded person?). America has a huge problem. We are very selfish, (land of the free) very proud,(u s a #1) to independant,(independants day) we take these words personal and indivisualize them. What we need is unity(UNITED WE STAND devided we fall). Remembering that we are not alone. all races, all creads, needing and helping each other for a better america. GOD BLESS US ALL
Flo, I think you’re on to something with the comment about the low social standing of the categories of jobs that are currently being filled by people here illegally because “Americans won’t do them.” Fear of social rejection can be a very powerful motivator, and could very well keep people from accepting jobs in certain categories.
One indicator of a society’s attitudes is its jokes, because they often rely for their humor on shared assumptions about people or things. And yes, there are plenty of jokes that only are funny if one shares the assumption that certain categories of work and the workers who do them are inherently unworthy or contemptible.
What comes immediately to mind are the “heckler lines” that standup comics use as comebacks to silence hecklers in their audience. One category of heckler lines can be summed up as “I don’t pester you while you’re doing your job, so don’t pester me while I’m doing mine” — but with the sting that the heckler’s job is implied to be something to look down upon. Sometimes it’s suggested that they’re a prostitute or other immoral line of work, but a lot of them refer to various forms of perfectly honest but low-paying jobs such as counter person at a fast-food restaurant — which impresses upon the audience the meme that such a job is unworthy.
I honestly don’t know how to go about changing people’s attitudes toward “lowly” work — but I do know that it’s a self-reinforcing cycle. Since these jobs are not respected, people feel that society’s given them permission to treat the people doing those jobs disrespectfully, which further reinforces the contempt piled upon the jobs in question.
Jeb Protestant et al.,
If an action is intrinsically evil it may not be done for any reason. Not even to save the world. If denying a person’s right to migrate to get a decent standard of living is intrinsically evil, it can not be done.
A Protestant would not see any reason to accept Catholic social teaching on faith, but a Catholic should. I say this as a Native American in the 19th century sense (Anti-Catholicism aside, but English and other W. European ancestry, ancestors in my very state since the 1600’s, on both sides of the Revolutionary and Civil wars, etc.) who has no great desire to see this nation overrun by immigrants, especially anti-American ones, but I cannot deny the teachings of the Church.
How many illegals really needed to immigrate is a separate issue to which I do not know the answer.
J.R. Stoodley,
While the Catechism makes it clear we are to allow the foreigner shelter in this country seeking refuge or a means of livelihood unavailable in their home country (CCC 2241), it does not by any means require completely open borders. The limit is “to the extent they (the receiving nation) are able,” subject to conditions set by the nation.
That, to me, means that we can protect our country’s borders in order to maintain social order; and while there may not have been terrorists striking this nation from the Mexican border, gangs such as MS-13 have gained access to the US through them. It does, however , mean we must make the methods of gaining legal entry to the country more streamlined given these conditions.
CCC 2241 also makes it clear that the immigrant has a duty to obey our laws (including those regarding our borders), assist in carrying our civic duties (such as taxes, jury duty, military obligations, etc), and “respect with gratitude the material and spiritual heritage of the country that receives them.”
Now perhaps others can comment more fully on the issue (and I’d appreciate the advice), but it doesn’t seem to me that the right to migrate is an absolute that precludes our defense of our borders.
Steven Cornett,
Sure. I never meant to imply we must have completely open borders.
Preventing gangs and terrorists from gaining entry isn’t the same thing as denying a starving widow entry because she doesn’t have a visa.
As for laws regarding our borders, no one is required to follow an unjust law. If a U.S. border law is truly and clearly unjust no one has a responsibility to follow it.
JR,
But the Catechism assumes the right of a nation to limit immigration. Since the US does permit legal immigration in a fair amount, by what principle do you say that the current law is immoral and justifies Mexicans and Americans in breaking it?
If seeking a higher standard of living were reason enough to break the US laws, then the implication is that we shouldn’t have open borders with the exception of keeping criminals out.
Granted the Catechism reflects in certain places John Paul the Naive’s “ecumenical city of love” theology, but I don’t think it’s a license for open borders. Since the Vatican is a nation, it would then be obligated to have open borders, which I didn’t see the last time I was in Rome.
I meant to say: “If seeking a higher standard of living were reason enough to break the US laws, then the implication is that we should have open borders (with the exception of keeping criminals out).”
I speak in general terms because I do not consider myself qualified to judge whether U.S. immigration laws are licit or not.
The two truths we must keep in mind is that a nation does have the right to limit immigration, but this is not an absolute right. At some point a nation may not deny a person entry, and when that is the case any unjust law need not be followed.
We don’t need borders that are open to anyone, only to those who really need to immigrate.
It is hard to imagine how someone already in Italy would need to immigrate to Vatican City for their basic needs.
The American National Anthem
Oh Jose cant you see, we’re tired of supporting thee.
When you snuck acrossed the border, it began an illegal plight.
Over broad stripes and bright stars, We’ll continue to Fight.
Mexican Flags we did watch, that were so sadly streaming.
Our tempers did flare, with Mexican’s everywhere.
Gave proof to the nite, we must send them back there.
O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave.
For the land of the U. S. Citizen and the home of the American’s.
written and produced by U.S. Citizens
Made In America