The Biblical Hero Who . . . Killed His Daughter???

Jephthah made a tragic vow, and to fulfill it, he would have to kill his daughter. What are we to make of this?

The book of Hebrews has a whole chapter about Old Testament men (and women) who achieved great things by faith.

One of them had his daughter killed–as a human sacrifice.

What are we to make of this?

 

Hebrews on Jephthah

Hebrews 11 celebrates various Old Testament figures who had faith in God and did amazing things. Toward the end of the chapter, we read:

And what more shall I say? For time would fail me to tell of Gideon, Barak, Samson, Jephthah, of David and Samuel and the prophets–who through faith conquered kingdoms, enforced justice, received promises, stopped the mouths of lions . . . [Heb. 11:32-33].

It continues in the same vein.

The point is: These men, together with some notable women the chapter also mentions, did amazing things as a result of their faith.

One of the people mentioned in this passage is Jephthah.

Who was he?

 

The Stage Is Set

The stage for Jephthah’s first appearance is set in Judges 10, where we read about how the Israelites have been worshipping foreign gods and, as a result, they have become oppressed by a group of foreigners: the Ammonites.

The Israelites repent, and God is moved to have mercy on them.

So God will make sure that they are delivered from the persecution, but what historical form will this deliverance take?

The leaders of Gilead (part of the territory of Israel) start consulting about how they can free themselves from the Ammonite oppression.

Specifically, they decide that if they can find a man to lead the fight against the Ammonites, they’re willing to let him be the leader of Gilead.

 

Meet Jephthah

Turning the corner into chapter 11, we meet Jephthah:

[1] Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a mighty warrior, but he was the son of a harlot. Gilead was the father of Jephthah.
[2] And Gilead’s wife also bore him sons; and when his wife’s sons grew up, they thrust Jephthah out, and said to him, “You shall not inherit in our father’s house; for you are the son of another woman.”
[3] Then Jephthah fled from his brothers, and dwelt in the land of Tob; and worthless fellows collected round Jephthah, and went raiding with him.

So already, Jephthah has had a hard life. Think about his family situation!

He’s the son of a prostitute, but his father took him (as a boy) to dwell in his own house anyway, with the sons of his wife.

Ouch! Think about how painful that must have been for everyone involved!

Then when his half-brothers are grown up, the legitimate sons drive Jephthah out so that he can’t inherit anything (meaning: he leaves penniless or close to it).

Jephthah then descends into a life of banditry.

So: Hard life. Social and familial outcast. Enters a life of crime.

But he does have one thing that people need . . .

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The Weekly Benedict: 6 January, 2013

This version of The Weekly Benedict covers material released in the last week from 16 December 2012 – 6 January 2013  (subscribe here; get as an eBook version for your Kindle, iPod, iPad, Nook, or other eBook reader):

Index of Source Links

List of direct document links on Vatican.va used.

Angelus

General Audiences

Homilies

Messages

Speeches

Papal Tweets

What family Christmas tradition from your childhood do you still remember?@pontifex, 24 December 2012
The cribs that we built in our home gave me much pleasure. We added figures each year and used moss for decoration.@pontifex, 24 December 2012
May Our Lord bless you and watch over you in the new year.@pontifex, 1 January 2013
When we entrust ourselves to the Lord completely, everything changes. We are children of a Father who loves us, and never leaves us.@pontifex, 2 January 2013
he Wise Men followed the star and reached Jesus, the great light that illuminates all of humanity.@pontifex, 6 January 2013

A Word to the Wise (Men)

The magi protected Baby Jesus by returning to their country by a different road. Who else were they protecting?

This Sunday’s readings include St. Matthew’s account of the visit of the magi, which I’ve blogged about here.

When I was at Mass, I was struck by the ending of the gospel reading:

And being warned in a dream not to return to Herod, they departed to their own country by another way [Mt. 2:12].

This reminded me of something that I think is worth mentioning.

We often think of the warning as being one to protect the Baby Jesus–to keep Herod from finding out precisely who and where he was–and it certainly was this.

But there is another dimension that is easier to overlook: It was also a warning to the magi themselves.

What would have happened if they had returned to Herod?

He would have immediately asked who the child was and where he was located.

They would then have the choice of either telling him or refusing to do so.

If the former, they would be complicit in the murder of the very Child they had come to honor, so they would not want to do that.

But if they don’t tell him, what would Herod do?

Threats.

Torture.

Death.

In that order.

So while the magi definitely cooperated with God’s will by going back to their own country by another road, they weren’t only protecting the Baby Jesus.

They were also protecting themselves.

Can Demons Be Saved?

Wouldn’t it be nice is the devil and his angels all repented, stopped doing evil in the world, and turned back to God so that they could be saved?

But can something like this really happen? What is the biblical evidence and how does the Church understand this question?

If you like the information I’ve presented here, you should join my Secret Information Club.

If you’re not familiar with it, the Secret Information Club is a free service that I operate by email.

I send out information on a variety of fascinating topics connected with the Catholic faith.

In fact, the very first thing you’ll get if you sign up is information about what Pope Benedict says about the book of Revelation.

He has a lot of interesting things to say!

If you’d like to find out what they are, just sign up at www.SecretInfoClub.com or use this handy sign-up form:

Just email me at jimmy@secretinfoclub.com if you have any difficulty.

In the meantime, what do you think?

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9 Things You Need to Know About Epiphany

The magi followed the star and found Baby Jesus. What are we to make of this mysterious event, and does it mean astrology is okay?

On January 6 the Church celebrates the feast of “Epiphany.”

This feast commemorates the mysterious visit of the magi to the Baby Jesus.

Who were the magi? What led them to visit Jesus? And what lessons should we–and shouldn’t we!–learn from this incident?

Here are nine things you should know . . .

 

1. What does the word “Epiphany” mean?

“Epiphany” means “manifestation.”

It comes from Greek roots that mean “to show, to display” (phainein) and “on, to” (epi-).

An epiphany is thus a time when something is shown, displayed, or manifested to an audience.

 

2. What is the feast of the Epiphany about?

According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church:

The Epiphany is the manifestation of Jesus as Messiah of Israel, Son of God and Saviour of the world. the great feast of Epiphany celebrates the adoration of Jesus by the wise men (magi) from the East, together with his baptism in the Jordan and the wedding feast at Cana in Galilee.

In the magi, representatives of the neighbouring pagan religions, the Gospel sees the first-fruits of the nations, who welcome the good news of salvation through the Incarnation.

The magi’s coming to Jerusalem in order to pay homage to the king of the Jews shows that they seek in Israel, in the messianic light of the star of David, the one who will be king of the nations.

Their coming means that pagans can discover Jesus and worship him as Son of God and Saviour of the world only by turning towards the Jews and receiving from them the messianic promise as contained in the Old Testament.

The Epiphany shows that “the full number of the nations” now takes its “place in the family of the patriarchs”, and acquires Israelitica dignitas (is made “worthy of the heritage of Israel”) [CCC 528].

 

3. When is Epiphany celebrated?

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Was It Okay for Jacob to Lie to His Father?

Jacob deceived his father to keep God's promises on track. Was this right?

The book of Genesis records an instance in which Jacob deceives his father, Isaac, by pretending to be his brother.

He does this so that he can inherit his father’s blessing.

All of this seems to happen in fulfillment of God’s plan for Israel.

Does that make it right?

Here’s the story . . .

 

Jacob and Esau

NOTE: This post is part of a series on the “dark passages” in the Bible. Click here to see all of the posts in the series.

Here is how the book of Genesis describes the birth and early life of Jacob and his twin brother, Esau:

Genesis 25

[22] The children struggled together within [Rebekah]; and she said, “If it is thus, why do I live?” So she went to inquire of the LORD.

[23] And the LORD said to her, “Two nations are in your womb,
and two peoples, born of you, shall be divided;
the one shall be stronger than the other,
the elder shall serve the younger.”

[27] When the boys grew up, Esau was a skillful hunter, a man of the field, while Jacob was a quiet man, dwelling in tents.

[28] Isaac loved Esau, because he ate of his game; but Rebekah loved Jacob.

The Prophecy

Note the prophecy about the two children: “the elder [Esau] shall serve the younger [Jacob].”

This will ultimately be fulfilled by God using the line of Jacob to give rise to the people of Israel (in fact, “Israel” is an alternate name that Jacob will later acquire), but how will this take place?

At the moment, there seem to be two obstacles:

  • First, as the older child, Esau has the birthright.
  • Second, as Isaac favors Esau, he is likely to give him his dying, prophetic blessing.

The first obstacles is overcome when a famished Esau foolishly sells his birthright to Jacob (Gen 25:29-34).

That leaves us with the second problem . . .

 

Isaac Prepares to Bless Esau

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9 Things You Should Know About How the Church Celebrates January 1

On January 1, the Church celebrates several things connected with Mary and Jesus. What are they? And why do we celebrate them now?

January 1 is an important day in the Church’s liturgy.

There is a lot that we commemorate on this day!

What we are celebrating, and why we are celebrating it now, can be a little confusing.

Here are nine things you should know . . .

 

1. What exactly are we celebrating on January 1?

According to the Universal Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar [.pdf]:

1 January, the octave day of the Nativity of the Lord, is the Solemnity of Mary, the holy Mother of God, and also the commemoration of the conferral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus [Norms, 35f].

 

2. Didn’t this day used to signify something else?

Yes. Pope Benedict explains:

It was Pope Paul VI who moved to 1 January the Feast of the Divine Motherhood of Mary, which was formerly celebrated on 11 October.

Indeed, even before the liturgical reform that followed the Second Vatican Council, the memorial of the circumcision of Jesus on the eighth day after his birth — as a sign of submission to the law, his official insertion in the Chosen People — used to be celebrated on the first day of the year and the Feast of the Name of Jesus was celebrated the following Sunday [Homily, Jan. 1, 2008].

 

3. Why would the commemoration of Jesus’ Most Holy Name be moved to January 1?

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A Mysterious Incident from Jesus’ Childhood

Mary and Joseph knew the agony of having a missing child. What are we to make of this mysterious incident, and what does it tell us about Jesus' future?

This Sunday we celebrate the mystery of the Holy Family.

What was it like for Jesus, Mary, and Joseph to live together?

Each is a very remarkable person! Put all three together and . . . wow.

Today we have reality shows about interesting and extraordinary families, but they didn’t have reality shows back then.

Fortunately, we are given a glimpse into the domestic life of the Holy Family.

And it’s a glimpse provided by the Virgin Mary herself . . .

 

Missing Child!

This episode in the life of the Holy Family begins on a holiday: specifically, the feast of Passover.

Luke records that the Holy Family went up to Jerusalem each year for the feast of Passover, apparently in a company of “their kinsfolk and acquaintances,” and when Jesus was twelve, he stayed behind in Jerusalem.

Joseph and Mary did not realize this until they had already gone “a day’s journey” back to Nazareth, at which point they realized he was not with the company.

They thus began to experience the agony and anxiety of parents who discover their child is missing.

And note the foreshadowing: Was there ever another time in Jesus life, at Passover, in Jerusalem, when Mary would be deprived of Jesus?

 

“On the Third Day”

Joseph and Mary thus return to Jerusalem and “after three days” find him.

The three days, in this case, are apparently:

  • the first day spent journeying from Jerusalem,
  • a second day spend journeying back to Jerusalem,
  • and the third day (or part of a third day) searching for him in Jerusalem.

Again, note the foreshadowing: The three days echo the three days (or, more precisely, parts of three days) that Jesus spent in the tomb, during which Mary and the disciples were deprived of Jesus’ presence but then found him again “on the third day” (cf. Lk. 9:22).

 

Why Weren’t They Monitoring Jesus More Closely?

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Did the slaughter of the innocents really happen?

Matthew records that Herod the Great slaughtered the holy innocents in his efforts to kill Jesus. Did this even actually happen?

On December 28, the Church commemorates the slaughter of the holy innocents.

These are the baby boys in Bethlehem that Herod the Great had slaughtered in an attempt to kill the Baby Jesus.

But many people today challenge the idea that this ever took place.

“We have no record of it!” they say.

Actually, we do . . .

 

Who Was Herod the Great?

Herod the Great was the king of Judea at the time Jesus was born.

He had the title “king,” but he was not an independent ruler. Instead, he was a client king of the Roman empire who had been named “King of the Jews” by the Roman Senate.

This meant that he was a local ruler who ultimately answered to Rome and who owed his throne to the Roman Senate.

Religiously, Herod was a Jew, but ethnically, he was descended from a neighboring people, the Idumeans. They had been forcibly converted to Judaism in the time of the Maccabees (Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 13:9:1).

As a ruler, he built a lot of things–fortresses, aqueducts, theaters, etc. Undertaking major public works projects was one of the ways that rulers in the ancient world built a legacy for themselves.

His most famous building projects was the Temple in Jerusalem, which he began dramatically expanding.

He also had another side . . .

 

Paranoid and Bloodthirsty

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How to understand the “Christmas Proclamation”

Many parishes will have the "Christmas Proclamation" before Midnight Mass. What is this proclamation and how can we understand what it says about when Jesus was born?

If you attended Mass on Christmas Eve, you may have heard the “Christmas proclamation.”

This is a beautiful, poetic announcement of the birth of Christ.

It says when Jesus was born, dating it from nine different events.

But the ways that they dated events in the ancient world are different than the ones we use today.

Here’s how you can understand the Christmas proclamation when you hear it read . . .

 

About the Christmas Proclamation

Scott Richert notes:

This Proclamation of the Birth of Christ comes from the Roman Martyrology, the official listing of the saints celebrated by the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Traditionally, it has been read on Christmas Eve, before the celebration of Midnight Mass. It situates the Nativity of Christ within the context of salvation history, making reference not only to biblical events but also to the Greek and Roman worlds. The coming of Christ at Christmas, then, is seen as the summit of both sacred and secular history.

In the 1980’s, Pope John Paul II restored the Proclamation of the Birth of Christ to the papal celebration of Midnight Mass. (It had been removed during the reform of the liturgy.) Many parishes have followed the Holy Father’s lead [SOURCE].

The rubrics for the Christmas proclamation state:

The announcement of the Solemnity of the Nativity of the Lord from the Roman Martyrology draws upon Sacred Scripture to declare in a formal way the birth of Christ.  It begins with creation and relates the birth of the Lord to the major events and personages of sacred and secular history.  The particular events contained in the announcement help pastorally to situate the birth of Jesus in the context of salvation history.

This text, The Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ, may be chanted or recited, most appropriately on December 24, during the celebration of the Liturgy of the Hours.  It may also be chanted or recited before the beginning of Christmas Mass during the Night.  It may not replace any part of the Mass.

 

The Proclamation Begins

The proclamation begins by solemnly announcing the day on which the birth of Christ is traditionally celebrated:

The Twenty-fifth Day of December

It then tells us in which year this occurred, dating it in nine different ways. . . .

 

1. From the Creation of the World

The proclamation first dates the birth of Christ relative to the creation of the world:

when ages beyond number had run their course
from the creation of the world,
when God in the beginning created heaven and earth,
and formed man in his own likeness;

This offers a non-specific date. It is merely after “ages beyond number.”

The traditional version of the proclamation is much more specific: It says “In the five thousand one hundred and ninety-ninth year of the creation of the world.”

This follows an ancient system of reckoning that differs from the Ussher chronology (developed by the Anglican archbishop, James Ussher, 1581-1656), which held that the world began in 4004 B.C.

The currently approved English translation, however, avoids mentioning any specific number of years.

 

2. From the Great Flood

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